Low Temperature Processes

The manufacturing of bricks is an energy-intensive industry that contributes significantly to carbon dioxide emissions, with more than fifty chemical pollutants being generated by the process. In 2002, over eight billion bricks were sold in the United States alone. Considering the fact that the manufacturing of one brick consummates around 2 Mega Joules/kg brick, the total energy used in USA can be estimated at sixteen billion Mega Joules/kg brick. The heating process changes the molecular structure of the clay, such that it is vitrified. This book presents new approaches in the creation of cement which reduces energy by working at low temperature and eliminates pollutions.