Two Practices of the Tributary System in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

This book mainly studies the practical characteristics of China''s tributary system in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (before the Opium War in 1840). Before the Europeans came to the east in the 16th century, the tributary system had always practiced the theme of "e;probation of foreigners"e; and established the "e;Chinese-Barbarian order"e; in the Far East; the innovation of this book is that it first proposed the second practice model of the tributary system, that is, the practice of "e;maintaining autonomy"e;. It points to the confrontation between China and Portugal and Britain before 1840 after Europeans came from the east during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It opened the prelude to the practice of "e;maintaining autonomy"e; in the tributary system, and analyzed the specific process of "e;maintaining autonomy"e; in detail. This book proposes the view that the tributary system has two practical directions, and aims to explore the continuity of Chinese history and the subjectivity of Chinese history.