Between 1600 and 1750 Ottoman Turkish music differentiated itself from an older Persianate art music and developed the genres antecedent to modern Turkish art music. Based on a translation of Demetrius Cantemir's seminal "e;Book of the Science of Music"e; from the early eighteenth century, this work is the first to bring together contemporaneous notations, musical treatises, literary sources, travellers' accounts and iconography. These present a synthetic picture of the emergence of Ottoman composed and improvised instrumental music. A detailed comparison of items in the notated Collections of Cantemir and of Bobowski-from fifty years earlier-together with relevant treatises, reveal key aspects of modality, melodic progression and rhythmic structures.