Trace Elements in Obstetrics and Gynecology

A trace element (TE) is a chemical element presented below 0.1 wt. % and required in minute quantities to maintain proper physical functioning. TE analysis in clinical samples (plasma, urine, cerebro-spinal fluid, full-term placenta, hair, nails, buccal mucosa, semen, biopsy specimens) has received increasing attention. Based on 62 sources, current effort presents comparative knowledge about the attempts to accurately trace TE in clinical samples through Vis/NIR, PIXE, TXRF, GFAAS, ICP-MS. It informs the need for further research adjustments to reveal the reciprocal states of certain TE (Cu/Zn, Ca/Mg, Fe/ Pb) in correlation with their real-time counts in both maternal and neonatal umbilical cord plasma, and in relation to augmented oxidative stress. This would help achieve consistency in interpreting obstetrical complications (preeclampsia, prematurity, or gestational diabetes). Generated hypotheses should target plausible mechanisms behind TE alterations and their stage-sensitive measures in gynecological cancer. New prospects are discussed in management and prognosis of endometriosis and the premature ovarian failure (POF).