Lectures on reform movements and cultural centers in the modern Islamic East

Everyone who works on the history of the Islamic East knows that the three centuries (the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth) were dark centuries, despite the fact that what preceded them until the fifteenth century was an era of prosperity, and what has followed to this day is an era of renaissance and revival.In the Middle Ages, the connection between the Islamic East and the European West was severed, and the Islamic East was moving backwards, while the European West was leaping forward. However, the countries of the Islamic East were not devoid of cultural activity and reform movements that were in fact harbingers of the renaissance and revival movement that spread the Islamic world. All in the two centuries; nineteenth and twentieth.Few writers and historians have paid attention to the history of these movements, and what has been written about their men is rare and scattered. The author has divided the subject into four centers of reform and enlightenment: India, Arabia, Egypt, the Levant, and Iran.