Way of All Flesh

The Way of All Flesh, written by Samuel Butler and published posthumously in 1903, is a semi-autobiographical novel that critiques Victorian-era hypocrisy and the prevailing attitudes of the time. The story centers around the life of Ernest Pontifex, his experiences with his family, and his eventual rebellion against societal norms. Butler uses the Pontifex family to expose the flaws and contradictions of the Victorian social and religious values. The novel is notable for its critical examination of familial relationships, the repressive nature of Victorian society, and the Church of England. Through Ernest's journey from childhood to adulthood, Butler explores themes of self-discovery, individualism, and the pursuit of happiness against societal constraints. The narrative style combines realism and irony, offering a candid and often critical portrayal of 19th-century English life. The Way of All Flesh is considered a precursor to the 20th-century literary movement of modernism, and its frank treatment of sexuality, religion, and personal freedom was ahead of its time, influencing later novelists and thinkers.