Neural Networks

Neural networks are typically considered a class of deep learning machines, a topic we discussed in detail in our Handbook of Statistics. In general usage, neural networks with fewer than four layers are often referred to as shallow networks, whereas architectures with four or more layers are commonly called. Deep learning models. A standard neural network consists of three main types of layers: the input layer, one or more hidden layers, and the output layer. These definitions are intended for broad understanding, and individual researchers or subfields may adopt slightly different conventions. The foundational ideas of neural networks have played a central role in the development of modern language models, machine-learning-based decision-making systems, and many other advances in artificial intelligence.