Health and Disease

The human microbiome is a vital and adaptable metagenome that varies across body sites, environments, and health conditions. Disruptions-known as dysbioses-shift microbial communities from healthy to diseased states. Microbes secrete bioactive molecules that influence local tissues and distant organs by modulating metabolism, immunity, and physiological balance. Both excessive diversity in typically low-diversity sites and reduced diversity in rich environments can increase disease risk. Targeted microbiome modulation through diet, antibiotics, or probiotics thus represents a promising strategy for disease prevention and management. This book offers an updated synthesis of current knowledge on gut microbiota interactions, their physiological and pathological roles, and recent research advances.