Foreigners in Chinese Law

In this series over fifty articles and essays are republished, most in their entirety, and they are divided into four volumes based on a set of questions that they address. This the fourth volume looks at some of the important legal responses of China's rulers to matters they consider to be non-Chinese. When emperors ruled China, ruler and ruled conceived of China as the center of the world, and places outside as beyond the periphery of civilization. Yet, just as the emperors developed codes of procedures and punishments for the bureaucrats who dealt with the subjects of China, they codified imperial policies for treating non-Chinese inside and outside China.