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本书系统评述进入21世纪以来神经科学的主要进展，展望未来神经科学发展的趋势、方向和难题，详细阐释探索神经科学的思路与途径。全书以神经科学的基本任务、方法论和现况为切入点，首先评述了涉及神经传导、传递与调制的分子和细胞水平的研究，继而评述了对于脑整体和局部回路的一些探测技术和相关的应用，又围绕脑的神智功能及其与社会行为的关系，介绍了近年的一系列研究成果，*后对脑研究一些基本课题中尚存在的问题、新的和值得重视的发展趋势，还有对研究质量上的要求，提出了作者自己的见解。本书倡导神经科学研究与神经-精神医学临床和社会其他应用的实际相联系，运用多种技术手段，注意分子、细胞和神经回路各级水平研究的准确性，注重认知神经科学中的意识与觉察问题，力求对21世纪脑研究起到引导作用。This book systematically reviews the main advances in neuroscience since the beginning of the 21st century, looks forward to the trends, directions, and challenges of future neuroscience development, and elaborates in detail on the ideas and approaches for exploring neuroscience. The whole book takes the basic tasks, methodology, and current situation of neuroscience as the starting point. Firstly, it reviews the molecular and cellular level research related to neural conduction, transmission, and modulation. Then, it reviews some detection techniques and related applications for the overall and local circuits of the brain. It also introduces a series of recent research achievements around the mental function of the brain and its relationship with social behavior, *Afterwards, the author proposed his own opinions on the existing problems, new and noteworthy development trends, as well as the requirements for research quality in some basic topics of brain research. This book advocates for the integration of neuroscience research with clinical and social applications in neuroscience and psychiatry, utilizing various technical means to pay attention to the accuracy of molecular, cellular, and neural circuit level research, focusing on awareness and awareness issues in cognitive neuroscience, and striving to guide brain research in the 21st century