Islamic State in Africa

In 2019, Islamic State lost its last remaining sliver of territory in Syria, and its Caliph, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, was killed. These setbacks seemed to herald the Caliphates death knell, and many now forecast its imminent demise. Yet its affiliates endure, particularly in Africa: nearly all of Islamic States cells on the continent have reaffirmed their allegiance, attacks have continued in its name, many groups have been reinvigorated, and a new province has emerged. Why, in Africa, did the two major setbacks of 2019 have so little impact on support for Islamic State?The Islamic State in Africasuggests that this puzzle can be explained by the emergence and evolution of Islamic States provinces in Africa, which it calls sovereign subordinates. By examining the rise and development of eight Islamic State cells, the authors show how, having pledged allegiance to IS Central, cells evolved mostly autonomously, using the IS brand as a means for accrual of power, but, in practice, receiving relatively little if any direction or material support from central command. Given this pattern, IS Centrals relative decline has had little impact on its African affiliateswho are likely to remain committed to the Caliphates cause for the foreseeable future.