Communications in Computer and Information Science

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Advances in explainability, agents, and large language models, CALM 2025, held in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, during December 1-5, 2025.The 8 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 15 submissions.The Workshop on Causality, Agents, and Large Models (CALM) fosters interdisciplinary collaboration at the intersection of causal reasoning, multi-agent systems (MAS), and large language models (LLMs).