The book is a research monograph by the author, presenting significant results with important applications in materials science. For example, it introduces a method for designing materials with a desired refraction coefficient - a method whose very existence was previously unknown.This method is based on the author's original theory for solving many-body scattering problems in cases where multiple scattering is essential. The problem is treated under the assumption a<<d<<?, where a is the characteristic size of small bodies, d is the distance between neighboring bodies, and ? is the wavelength.The monograph also studies wave-focusing material design, electromagnetic wave scattering by many small bodies, heat transfer in media with embedded small particles, and quantum mechanical wave scattering by many potentials with small supports. These are unique features of the book.