Thomas Carlyle: Sartor Resartus, and On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History

Sartor Resartus is a philosophical novel by Thomas Carlyle about a fictional German professor, Diogenes Teufelsdr ckh, who believes that human institutions and beliefs are mere "clothes" that cover up nothingness. Through a blend of satire, biography, and philosophy, Carlyle critiques 19th-century materialism and rationalism, inviting readers to reexamine civilization's frameworks and find a deeper spiritual meaning beyond surface-level appearances. On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History is a collection of lectures by Thomas Carlyle, that posits heroes are the driving force of history and indispensable to human progress. Carlyle explores six types of heroes-Divinity, Prophet, Poet, Priest, Man of Letters, and King-using examples like Odin, Muhammad, Dante, Shakespeare, Luther, Johnson, and Napoleon to illustrate how these individuals shape societies by embodying their era's highest spiritual and moral principles.