Pathophysiology

1 The Lungs and Respiration.- Physiology.- Regulation of Breathing.- Pulmonary Volumes and Distensibility of Lungs and Thorax.- Resistance to Flow; Ventilatory Reserves.- Ventilation and Circulation.- Gas Exchange.- Alveolar Ventilation; Dead-Space Ventilation.- Alveolar Ventilation and Pulmonary Perfusion.- Pulmonary Gas Diffusion.- Gas Transport in Blood.- Pathophysiology.- Abnormal Atmospheric Conditions.- Hypoxia.- Hyperoxia.- Hyperbaric Conditions.- CO2 Enrichment of Inspiratory Air.- Acceleration.- Pathophysiologic Syndromes.- Periodic Breathing.- Restriction and Obstruction.- Hyperventilation.- Nonuniform Ventilation-Nonuniform Perfusion.- Alveolar Hypoventilation.- Impairment of Diffusion.- Dead-Space Hyperventilation.- Increased Venous Admixture (Right-to-Left Shunt).- Pulmonary Vascular Obstruction.- Increased Pulmonary Perfusion (Left-to-Right Shunt).- Reduction of Cardiac Output.- Pulmonary Congestion; Alveolar and Interstitial Pulmonary Edema.- 2 The Heart and Circulation.- Physiology.- The Heart.- Regulation of Myocardial Contraction.- Pressure Changes in Heart and Vessels; Cardiac Valves.- Blood Volume, Cardiac Output, Vascular Resistances, and Cardiac Work.- Myocardial Energy Metabolism.- Peripheral Circulation.- Coronary Circulation.- Peripheral Arteries and Veins.- Regulation of Circulation.- Circulation during Pregnancy.- Effects of Regular Vigorous Exercise ("Athletic Heart").- Pathophysiology.- The Heart.- Heart Failure; Disturbances in Myocardial Function.- Congestion in the Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation.- Shock.- Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies.- Acquired Heart Diseases.- Disturbances of Cardiac Rhythm.- Peripheral Circulation.- Coronary Insufficiency.- Hypertension.- 3 Temperature Regulation and Heat Balance.- Physiology.- Pathophysiology.- Hyperthermia.- Hypothermia.- Burning and Freezing.- Fever.- 4 Blood.- Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin.- Physiology and Biochemistry.- Pathophysiology.- Anemias.- Polycythemia and Erythrocytosis.- Leukocytes.- Physiology.- Pathophysiology.- Leukocytosis and Leukopenia.- Eosinophilia.- Lymphocytosis.- Leukemia.- Plasmocytoma or Multiple Myeloma.- Macroglobulinemia (Waldenstr m's Disease).- Malignant Lymphomas.- The Immune System.- Physiology.- The Cellular Basis of Immunologic Processes.- Pathophysiology.- Immunologic Deficiencies.- Plasma Proteins.- Physiology and Biochemistry.- Pathophysiology.- Hypoproteinemia.- Dysproteinemia.- Paraproteinemia.- Selective Protein Deficiencies.- Porphyria.- Physiology and Biochemistry.- Pathophysiology.- Blood Coagulation and Hemostasis.- Normal Hemostasis.- Pathophysiology.- Abnormalities of Hemostasis.- Thrombosis.- 5 The Kidney.- Physiology.- Renal Blood Flow.- Glomerular Filtration.- Tubular Function.- The Concentration of Urine and Its Disorders.- Tests for Renal Function.- Acidification of the Urine.- Diuretics.- Pathophysiology.- Acute Renal Failure.- Renal Parenchymal Lesions.- Prerenal Disturbances.- Postrenal Causes.- Chronic Renal Insufficiency.- Kidney Function.- Uremia; Extrarenal Complications.- Tubular Syndromes.- Water Reabsorption.- Amino Acid Reabsorption.- Phosphate Reabsorption.- Glucose Reabsorption (Renal Glucosuria).- H+ Ion Excretion.- Nephrotic Syndrome.- Edema in Renal Disease.- The Kidneys and Hypertension.- Renovascular Hypertension.- Hypertension in Chronic Renal Insufficiency.- Hypertension in Acute Glomerulonephritis.- 6 Water and Electrolyte Balance.- Physiology.- Water Balance.- Electrolyte Balance.- Capillaries-Interstitium Fluid Transfer.- Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance.- Pathophysiology.- Overhydration and Dehydration.- Isotonic Overhydration: Excess of Extracellular Water and Sodium.- Isotonic Dehydration: Lack of Extracellular Water and Sodium.- Hypertonic Overhydration: Sodium Excess.- Hypertonic Dehydration: Water Deficiency.- Hypotonic Overhydration: Water Excess.- Hypotonic Dehydration: Sodium and Water Deficiency.- Disturbances of Electrolyte Balance.- Sodium, Potassium,