Formulas, Facts, and Constants

The material presented in this book has been compiled for the convenience of the reader. The aim of the book is to provide a handy source of formulas, conversion factors and constants for everyday use. The formulas and tables are amended by examples in all of those cases where their use is not self- explanatory. The material has been selected to be helpful whenever it is inconvenient or not possible to consult tables available at the library. Section 1 provides the fundamental tools of mathematics needed in all areas of the physical sciences. Section 2 summarizes the SI system, lists conversion factors and provides precise values of fundamental constants. Sections 3 and 4 review the basic terms of spectroscopy, atomic structure and wave mechan- ics. These sections serve as a guide to the interpretation of modern literature. Section 5 is a resource for work in the laboratory. Data and formulas are given to be of assistance in the use of frequently encountered equipment such as vacuum systems and electronic devices. Material constants and other data are listed for information and as an aid for estimates or problem solving. The assistance of the Springer-Verlag during the various stages of the development of this book is gratefully acknowl- edged. The authors like to thank Dr. F. L. Boschke for his many helpful suggestions. Helmut J. Fischbeck Kurt H. Fischbeck Contents Basic mathematical facts and figures ............................... .