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Bayesianism and Scientific Reasoning
This Element explores the Bayesian approach to the logic and epistemology of scientific reasoning. Section 1 introduces the probability calculus as an appealing generalization of …
Philosophy of Probability and Statistical Modelling
This Element has two main aims. The first one (sections 1-7) is an historically informed review of the philosophy of probability. It describes recent historiography, lays out the …
Duhem and Holism
The holistic thesis developed by Pierre Duhem challenges the idea that our evidence can conclusively falsify a theory. Given that no scientific theory is tested in isolation, a …
Scientific Models and Decision Making
This Element introduces the philosophical literature on models, with an emphasis on normative considerations relevant to models for decision-making. Chapter 1 gives an overview of …
Science and the Public
Science is a product of society: in its funding, its participation, and its application. This Element explores the relationship between science and the public with resources from …
Fundamentality and Grounding
A suite of questions concerning fundamentality lies at the heart of contemporary metaphysics. The relation of grounding, thought to connect the more to the less fundamental, sits …
Relativism in the Philosophy of Science
'Relativism versus absolutism' is one of the fundamental oppositions that have dominated reflections about science for much of its (modern) history. Often these reflections have …
The Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge
This Elements is about the social dimensions of scientific knowledge. The first chapter asks in what ways scientific knowledge is social. The second chapter develops a conception …
Values in Science
This Element introduces the philosophical literature on values in science by examining four questions: (1) How do values influence science? (2) Should we actively incorporate …
Modelling Scientific Communities
This Element will overview research using models to understand scientific practice. Models are useful for reasoning about groups and processes that are complicated and distributed …